Porcelain is a ceramic material made by heating materials, generally including kaolin, in a kiln to temperatures between 1,200 and 1,400 ☌ (2,200 and 2,600 ☏).It is usually coloured grey or brownish because of impurities in the clay used for its manufacture, and is normally glazed." One widely recognised definition is from the Combined Nomenclature of the European Communities, a European industry standard states "Stoneware, which, though dense, impermeable and hard enough to resist scratching by a steel point, differs from porcelain because it is more opaque, and normally only partially vitrified. Vitrified or not, it is nonporous it may or may not be glazed. Stoneware is a vitreous or semi-vitreous ceramic made primarily from stoneware clay or non- refractory fire clay.Terracotta has been a common medium for ceramic art ( see below). Its uses include vessels (notably flower pots), water and waste water pipes, bricks, and surface embellishment in building construction. Terracotta, a type of earthenware, is a clay-based unglazed or glazed ceramic, where the fired body is porous. Earthenware is often made from clay, quartz and feldspar. Many types of pottery have been made from it from the earliest times, and until the 18th century it was the most common type of pottery outside the far East. Earthenware is pottery that has not been fired to vitrification and is thus permeable to water.Main articles: Earthenware, Stoneware, Porcelain, and Bone chinaĭifferent types of clay, when used with different minerals and firing conditions, are used to produce earthenware, stoneware, porcelain and bone china (fine china). Cultures especially noted for ceramics include the Chinese, Cretan, Greek, Persian, Mayan, Japanese, and Korean cultures, as well as the modern Western cultures.Įlements of ceramic art, upon which different degrees of emphasis have been placed at different times, are the shape of the object, its decoration by painting, carving and other methods, and the glazing found on most ceramics. There is a long history of ceramic art in almost all developed cultures, and often ceramic objects are all the artistic evidence left from vanished cultures, like that of the Nok in Africa over 2,000 years ago. It excludes glass and mosaic made from glass tesserae. In modern ceramic engineering usage, ceramics is the art and science of making objects from inorganic, non-metallic materials by the action of heat. Most traditional ceramic products were made from clay (or clay mixed with other materials), shaped and subjected to heat, and tableware and decorative ceramics are generally still made this way. The word "ceramics" comes from the Greek keramikos (κεραμεικός), meaning "pottery", which in turn comes from keramos (κέραμος) meaning "potter's clay". Such crafts emphasized traditional non-industrial production techniques, faithfulness to the material, the skills of the individual maker, attention to utility, and an absence of excessive decoration that was typical to the Victorian era. In Britain and the United States, modern ceramics as an art took its inspiration in the early twentieth century from the Arts and Crafts movement, leading to the revival of pottery considered as a specifically modern craft. Ceramic art can be created by one person or by a group, in a pottery or a ceramic factory with a group designing and manufacturing the artware. While some ceramics are considered fine art, such as pottery or sculpture, most are considered to be decorative, industrial or applied art objects. As one of the plastic arts, ceramic art is a visual art. It may take varied forms, including artistic pottery, including tableware, tiles, figurines and other sculpture. Chinese Jun ware wheel-thrown stoneware bowl with blue glaze and purple splashes, Jin dynasty, 1127–1234 16th century Turkish Iznik tiles, which would have originally formed part of a much larger groupĬeramic art is art made from ceramic materials, including clay. 540–530 BCE – From Vulci The Music Lesson, gold anchor, Chelsea porcelain, c. Decorative objects made from clay and other raw materials by the process of potteryĮtruscan: Diomedes and Polyxena, from the Etruscan amphora of the Pontic group, c.
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